Trade by Barter: Trading in Pre-Colonial Igboland

Onitsha, 1889, Photographer possibly by G. F. Packer credited with other photos from the Niger and Önïcha (Onitsha)

Trade-by-Barter “Trade-by-Barter” was a common practice in all the markets in Ala Igbo before the introduction of the cash economy.  People exchanged goods like farm produce, livestock, crafts, and services without using money. Goods were exchanged based on their perceived equivalent value, determined by supply and demand. Barter trade took place on designated market days, … Read more

Umuada: Women Leadership Roles in the Igbo Society

Rich Onitsha Women decorated with Odu Enyi, photographed by G. F. Packer in 1880s

Umuada Umuada translates to “daughters of the land” or “daughters of the family” and refers to a group of women who are originally from a particular village or clan but are married into different families and communities. Despite their marriages, they maintain a strong connection to their place of origin. Structure and Membership: Membership: The … Read more

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