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Traditional Fish Smoking

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The Waters and the Woods: The Itsekiri-Urhobo Symbiosis in the Pre-Colonial Niger Delta

The history of the western Niger Delta is often framed through the lens of conflict and colonial intervention; however, beneath the political friction lies a foundational “economic symbiosis” between the Itsekiri and the Urhobo peoples. This relationship, built on the exchange of ecological specialties, represents one of the most enduring examples of regional interdependence…