The Ekumeku movement was a major resistance movement by the Igbo people west of the Niger River, particularly in the present-day northern Delta State. It lasted for about 30 years, from the 1880s to the early 1910s, as a response to European imperial expansion in the region. The movement is often associated with secrecy, leading to the belief that the name Ekumeku may roughly translate to “secret” or “hidden.”
Origins of the Ekumeku Movement
During the 19th century, European traders engaged in commerce with Igbo communities, primarily dealing in palm oil. Initially, European involvement followed a laissez-faire approach, allowing local rulers and merchants to control trade. However, by the late 19th century, European powers, particularly the British, sought direct control over Igbo lands. Asaba became a strategic colonial base, and British forces began to impose their authority.
Resistance and Conflicts
The Ekumeku movement emerged as a coordinated effort by various Igbo communities, particularly the Enuani and Ika groups, to resist British expansion. The resistance was highly organized, with fighters employing guerrilla tactics, surprise attacks, and secrecy to counter the superior firepower of the British forces.
One of the significant events linked to the Ekumeku struggle was the Iredi War in Agbor (Agbö), an Ika Igbo town. Though it is unclear whether the Ekumeku directly orchestrated this rebellion, it was part of the larger anti-colonial resistance in the region.
Decline and Legacy
By the 1910s, the Ekumeku movement had weakened due to British military campaigns and the introduction of indirect rule, which aimed to control local governance through traditional leaders. Despite its decline, the movement inspired later nationalist and anti-colonial struggles in Nigeria. The spirit of Ekumeku lived on in later movements that sought to reclaim African sovereignty and independence.
Looting and Colonial Aftermath
During British military expeditions against the Ekumeku, many artifacts, including bronze and wooden sculptures, were taken from Igbo communities. Some of these artifacts, such as the bronze head mentioned in British Museum records, were looted by British soldiers during punitive raids. This reflects a broader pattern of colonial looting, where valuable African cultural and historical objects were taken to Europe.
The Ekumeku movement remains one of the most significant resistance efforts against colonial rule in Igbo history. It showcased the determination of Igbo communities to defend their sovereignty against foreign domination. Although the British eventually overpowered the resistance, Ekumeku left a lasting legacy in the fight for Nigerian independence.
References
Igbafe, P. A. (1971). Western Ibo Society and Its Resistance to British Rule. The Journal of African History, 12(2), 247-268. https://www.jstor.org/stable/181043
Isichei, E. (1976). A History of the Igbo People. Macmillan Press.
Afigbo, A. E. (1972). The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria, 1891-1929. Longman.
