Ozikoro“Cavalry and Musketry: The Integration of Locally Manufactured Firearms into the Military Strategy of the Sokoto Caliphate”
Throughout the 19th century, the Sokoto Caliphate emerged as one of the largest and most militarily sophisticated political entities in West Africa. With a cavalry-dominated army, a strong manufacturing culture, and growing exposure to global trade, the caliphate integrated both locally forged muskets and imported European rifles into its expanding military system. However, this…