In Igbo society, agriculture has always been more than a means of sustenance; it is a symbol of status, leadership, and communal influence. While yam cultivation is traditionally the domain of men, with titles such as Eze Ji (King of Yams) recognizing successful farmers, women have their own prestigious agricultural titles associated with cocoyam farming. Among the Ngwa people of Aba and other parts of southern Igbo land (Abia, Imo, and Rivers States), successful female farmers are honoured with titles such as Eze Ede, Ezumezu, and Lọlọ Ede. These titles elevate women to positions of social and political authority, showcasing the dualistic and complementary nature of Igbo leadership structures.
Eze Ede: King of Cocoyams
In Igbo cosmology, cocoyams (edé) are considered the spiritual and folkloric female equivalent of yams (Jị). Women who achieve exceptional success in farming and storing large quantities of cocoyam receive the title Eze Ede, meaning “King of Cocoyams.” This title grants them a significant role in their communities, particularly as spokeswomen for women’s interests.
The Eze Ede are respected not only for their agricultural achievements but also for their leadership qualities. They serve as custodians of traditional knowledge related to farming, food security, and economic empowerment. These women often have a say in village councils and decision-making processes, ensuring that women’s voices are heard in community matters.
Ezumezu and Lọlọ Ede: Higher Ranks in Female Leadership
Women with even larger mkpuke ede (cocoyam stores) may attain the higher title of Ezumezu. This title signifies extraordinary success in agriculture and economic wealth, elevating the recipient to an elite status among women. In some Igbo communities, the equivalent title is Lọlọ Ede, which similarly recognizes agricultural excellence.
The Ezumezu and Lọlọ Ede titles are marks of both personal accomplishment and communal service. These women often become benefactors in their communities, supporting other women, organizing trade, and overseeing traditional ceremonies related to fertility and abundance.
The Duality of Igbo Society: Women’s Titles vs. Men’s Titles
Igbo society operates on a dual-leadership model where men and women hold parallel positions of power. Just as Eze Ede exists for women, men have corresponding titles such as:
•Eze Ji (King of Yams)
•Diji (Master of Yams)
•Duru Ji (Senior Custodian of Yams)
These male titles recognize successful yam farmers, who are revered as providers and symbols of masculinity and strength. Yams are seen as the king of crops, with cultural and ritual significance, while cocoyams, though less celebrated, hold an equally vital place in women’s domains.
The reverence for cocoyam farming among women highlights the balanced structure of Igbo society, where both genders contribute to economic and spiritual life. By recognizing and honouring their agricultural achievements, Igbo communities ensure that women’s labour and leadership are acknowledged and respected.
The Eze Ede and related titles reflect the deeply ingrained respect for women’s contributions to Igbo society. Through agricultural success, women gain power, prestige, and influence, ensuring their active participation in decision-making. These traditions signifies the egalitarian spirit of Igbo culture, where both men and women play complementary roles in sustaining their communities. The recognition of female agricultural leadership continues to be a powerful testament to the value of women’s work in Igbo history and society.
References
Afigbo, A. E. (1981). Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture. University of Nigeria Press.
Amadiume, I. (1987). Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society. Zed Books.
Oriji, J. N. (2011). Political Organization in Nigeria Since the Late Stone Age: A History of the Igbo People. Palgrave Macmillan.
Thomas, N. (1913). Anthropological Reports on the Ibo-speaking Peoples of Nigeria. Harrison and Sons.