In Igbo societies west of the Niger River, the Omu is a unique and powerful female leader who oversees markets and serves as a spiritual protector of the Obi, the king. The Omu institution has long been a vital part of governance and commerce in Enuani Igbo communities such as Okpanam, Asaba, Onicha (Onitsha), and Osomari.
The Role of the Omu
The Omu is the highest-ranking woman in the community, acting as the head of the women’s council and wielding authority over the market. She has the power to open and close markets, resolve disputes, and perform spiritual rites for the prosperity of traders and the entire community. The Omu works closely with diviners and priests to ensure harmony and protection from misfortune.
Selection and Status of the Omu
Traditionally, only post-menopausal women were chosen for this position. In Igbo culture, post-menopausal women could attain the same status as men and even take on roles and titles usually reserved for them. The Omu dressed like men, took male titles, and was not allowed to be married to a man. However, she could marry wives to assist in household duties and bear children in her name.
Omu Nwagboka: The Last Female Leader of Onicha and Her Legacy in Women’s Authority
Impact of Colonialism on the Omu Institution
Before colonial rule, the Omu held significant economic and political influence. However, British colonialism undermined female leadership roles in Igbo society, imposing a European-style governance system that excluded women from decision-making. As a result, the power of the Omu declined, and in some communities, the institution disappeared altogether.
The Omu Today
Despite the setbacks of colonial rule, the Omu institution still exists in some Igbo communities, particularly in Delta State. Modern Omu leaders continue to play important roles in cultural preservation, conflict resolution, and economic development.
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The Omu of Okpanam and other Igbo communities exemplifies the historical power and leadership of women in African societies. While colonialism diminished their influence, the survival of the institution shows the resilience of Igbo traditions and the continued importance of female leadership in governance and commerce.
References
Isichei, E. (1976). A History of the Igbo People. Macmillan Press.
Nwoko, E. (2012). The Role of Women in Traditional Igbo Society. African Studies Review, 55(3), 45-60.
Thomas, N. (1912). Photographs and Ethnographic Studies of the Igbo People. British Museum Archives.
